All Posts and Essays

London in Tears: Grief and Collective Mourning in the Bills of Mortality

by Hernan Adasme
2022-11-07
context

“London might be said to be all in tears; the mourners did not go about the streets indeed, for nobody put on black or made a formal dress of mourning for their nearests friends; but the voice of mourners was truly heard in the Streets” (Defoe, 19). Although Daniel Defoe’s description of London during the outbreak of 1665-1666 jogs our memories during the early days of the Sars-CoV- 2 virus—where the sick passed away separated from their loved ones, and families were forced to say goodbye apart from their kin—the culture of grief has indeed changed.

Found Dead? Unknown Causes of Death in the Bills of Mortality

by Katie Kania, Emily Meyers
2022-10-31
context

The greatest purpose of the Bills of Mortality is to enumerate death, first due to plague then expanding over the years to include other causes. However, there are some gray areas where Searchers lacked the necessary information to provide a label. In these instances, the records reflect the phrase “found dead.” This label carried a wide range of ages and deaths and was listed with a basic description of the deceased person and how they were found.

The Facts of Mortality: the use of the London Bills in Daniel Dafoe’s A Journal of the Plague Year.

by Hernán Adasme
2022-09-26
context

It shouldn’t be a surprise that the Bills of Mortality have informed more than three centuries of writing about the plague. Although the Death by Numbers project stands out as the first systematic effort to digitize and process the totality of the bills, a whole bunch of writers, historians, and social scientists have kneaded the numbers collected in the Bills, looking for the historical gist of plague outbreaks in England and Continental Europe.

Why is There Bread in the Bills?

by Megan Brett, Bridget Bukovich
2022-09-12
context

We have talked on the blog about some of the datasets we are transcribing from the Bills of Mortality - the counts of death by parish, causes of death, and christening and burial numbers. Some of the bills have even more information on them: the price of bread (and eventually other foodstuffs). But why would state-mandated bread prices be included in the Bills of Mortality? To find out, we need to look more closely at the role of bread in early modern England.

God's Terrible Voice in the City: New England Connections to the Bills of Mortality

by Dan Howlett
2022-08-29
context

God’s Terrible Voice in the City by Thomas Vincent describes the disastrous judgments of plague and fire that devastated London in 1665-1666. Today, two different editions of this work appear in the collections of Early English Books Online and Evans Early American Imprint Collection, the former published in London in 1667 and the latter published in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1668. The American publication of a book on a London disaster shows how a religious culture of providentialism- the belief that God cast down supernatural favor and punishment on the world- stretched across the Atlantic in the early modern English world (See Kierner, Inventing Disaster for more).

Chimneys and the Great Storm of 1703

by Katie Kania, Jessica Otis
2022-08-16
analysis

In late November of 1703, a “great storm” or hurricane struck the British Isles. Bad weather began a few days before the heart of the storm made landfall on November 26th, spawning tornadoes, ripping off roofs and chimneys, and destroying entire fleets. One of the most famous tragedies of the storm happened on the Goodwin Sands, a deadly sandbank off the coast of Kent. At least 53 ships were wrecked on the sandbank and over 2,000 men died just six miles from safety.

Early Modern London Shapefiles

by Jessica Otis
2022-08-01
announcements

The team is excited to announce that shapefiles for 17th and 18th century London are now available on our GitHub: https://github.com/chnm/bom/tree/main/parish-shapefiles

Old Age and Aged Deaths

by Kayleigh Seng, Jessica Otis
2022-07-18
analysis

The London Bills of Mortality were originally and primarily focused on deaths from plague, however they very quickly expanded to include other causes of death as well. From accidents and drownings to measles and smallpox, the printed bills included citywide summary statistics—rather than parish-by-parish breakdowns—for each week. While we can therefore learn a fair amount about causes of death throughout the city, very little information can be gleaned from the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century bills about the age at which people died.

The Parish Clerks' memento mori: Iconography of Death and trademark in The London Bills of Mortality, 1727-1752

by Hernan Adasme
2022-07-05
context

In the fourth week of 1727 the habitual readers of the Bills of Mortality noticed something different in the most recent bill. The bill printed on Thursday January 9th showcased a border of skulls and crossed-bones framing the death counts in both the verso and the recto.1 The artwork of the skull was fairly simple: a bike-seat-like cranium slightly bent to the right, with triangular nostrils, three ovals as eyes and mouth, and two crossed-bones at the bottom.

Strangled himself (being distracted): Messy Data and Suicides in the Bills of Mortality

by Emily Meyers
2022-06-20
context

Content Warning: This post contains subject matter that some may find sensitive or disturbing, be advised. If uncomfortable with this topic, you may support Death By Numbers in other posts. This blog post will be a bit different than a few of our previous posts. Now that we have discussed our project workflow, we are going to begin to discuss the content of the Bills themselves. One thing that we immediately noticed on beginning this project is that suicides are reported on the Bills in a variety of ways that lead to more questions than answers regarding the weekly suicide rate in London.

Recent Posts

Death by Words: Textual Geography of Suicides, Drownings and Killings in the Bills of Mortality Hernan Adasme · 2024-09-26
Ambiguous Bills and Anonymous Commentators: Reflections on My Experience Transcribing the Bills of Mortality Laszlo Taba · 2024-09-10
A Deadly Decade: Yearly Plague Spikes in Early Modern London between 1638-1647 Hernan Adasme · 2024-08-28
A Woman's Touch on the Bills of Mortality Luz Adriana Giraldo Mueller · 2024-06-10
Who Counts? Religion, Inclusion, and Exclusion in the Bills of Mortality Jessica Otis · 2024-05-23

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