Because the range of total deaths varies significantly, it can be difficult to see the smaller counts on these graphs. Normalizing the data can improve visibility by removing drastic range differences. The two normalization options are log₁₀(x+1) and normalized. Log₁₀(x+1) transforms the data by adding one before taking the logarithm, which preserves zero values and mitigates right-skewed datasets, making them a more normal distribution. Normalized standardizes the data with mean normalization, which subtracts the average from each value. Both make smaller values more visible, and make comparison easier..

Interactive choropleth map analyzing geographical patterns of suicides, drownings, and killings in London parishes, with filtering options by cause and year range based on text analysis research.

Multiple sparkline visualization showing temporal patterns of parish deaths with data normalization options (log10, normalized) and filtering by burial type (burials, plague, both) for improved visibility of smaller count variations.

Interactive choropleth map of London showing burial and plague death patterns across parishes, with controls to filter by year range and count type for geographical mortality analysis.

Because the range of total deaths varies significantly, it can be difficult to see the smaller counts on these graphs. Normalizing the data can improve visibility by removing drastic range differences. The two normalization options are log₁₀(x+1) and normalized. Log₁₀(x+1) transforms the data by adding one before taking the logarithm, which preserves zero values and mitigates right-skewed datasets, making them a more normal distribution. Normalized standardizes the data with mean normalization, which subtracts the average from each value. Both make smaller values more visible, and make comparison easier..

The Bills of Mortality were weekly reports that recorded the number of deaths in London, beginning in 1603 and continuing consistently until 1819. These bills reported the number of burials and plague deaths in each London and surrounding parish. They also reported the different causes of death, male/female christenings, and male/female burials for the entire city. The causes of death included illnesses and ailments, as well as accidents and killings. Two causes of death—execution and murder—have the possibility of being cross-referenced with other early modern documents, particularly court records.